The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2090 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This essay explores empirically the usefulness of liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk as risk measures indicators to explain whether German banks riskier than European competitors or not. The sample of reference entities consist of all German banks and eleven European banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008. Using a unique dataset available in Bangor university blackboard website that relates to various characteristics of the individual banks operating in a twelve European Union countries, after dividing the period into three terms the first one started from 1994 to 1998 (before the establishing the European Union), the second started from 1999 to 2005 (after joining to European Union and before the last financial crisis) and the third term started from 2006 till 2008(during that crisis). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order By analysing the t-test hypothesis of three risk mean sources; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk, we gain important insights into the German banks risk compared with European banks. We compare the risk using three measures for liquidity, credit and the market risk. We find evidence that the liquidity risk for German banks during all terms was higher than European competitors and the credit risk was lower in German banks except in the first term, while in the market risk they are in lower exposure through all terms. However, German banks rely on loan loss provision as the source of liquidity to face the demand of withdrawal of their customers. Introduction: Germany is one of a large diversified modern economy based on gross domestic product (GDP) and is the largest country in the European Union (EU). But currently the German economy start to decline significantly in the fourth quarter of 2008 and recovery is not expected until late 2011. Germany is a member of the European Union and one of the original eleven countries to adopt the euro as its currency in 1999. In addition to the easing of monetary policy being done with the cutting of interest rates by the European Central Bank, the German government is using expansionary fiscal policy to aid the economy. The government has passed two stimulus packages, one in the fourth quarter of 2008 and one in the first quarter of 2009. Available on AMB Country Risk Report 13Augest (2009). Germany has the second largest banking sector by size in Europe. Germany banking sector focus on long-term lending and accounts for just under one-third of all banks in the euro area has largest number of br anches and is the largest employers of any European banking sectors DÃ ¼llmann Sosinska (2007). A securities market may play a role to provide liquidity to investors whose risk and costs are therefore reduced. Furthermore, by vying for investors capital, stock markets increase competition for banks, therefore, stock markets and banks may also complement each other. On the other hand, unlike European economy, German economy depend on banks more than stock market because the bank provide long-term loans and prefer to keep higher ratio of loan loss provision instead using securitization. In this essay, we consider that a credit risk, liquidity risk and securities market may play important role to assistance the banks risk which market represented by the market risk faces possible liquidity shortages. We examine which of these two institutions best prevents a banks liquidity shortages while allowing the optimal allocation of the banks resources. Indeed, although the bank is able to avoid liquidity shortages by keeping a high proportion of cash (loan loss provision) in its balance sheet and in the same time this reserve use to avoid credit risk. In addition the bank gain a profit from lending money to investors which are affected by credit risk, therefore credit risk drive to liquidity risk and market risk, then each one of these risk lead to others risk. Then by applying mean average of these type of risks to explain Germany banks riskier than non-Germany banks Franck, Krausz, available online 19 January (2005). Literature: The following literatures focus on three important elements which represent the performance and risk taken by German banks as a unique banks structure. A study has done by Hayden at al (2007) investigated the performance of 983 German banks from 1996 to 2002. The study tried to find out the relation between the portfolio diversification on the bank and the bank performance across different countries, rejoins, and industries. Value- at risk based risk variable has calculated. The regression model has set to answer three questions which are: first, Does diversification decreases or increases the bank profitability? Second, are there any changes in the relationship accrue after correcting for risk. Does the changes in diversification and return dependent on the risk level? The study found weak evidence between diversification and the bank profitability. They find almost banks in the sample with a higher diversification have a lower return. Kakes at al (2002) analyses the effect of monetary shocks on German lending banks channel. They investigate six different banking groups by following across-sector approach. The study found that, smaller banks hold enough liquid of asset protects those small banks from monetary shocks. Also they investigate the response of banks lending after a monetary shocks, and they found that: the bank lending is vary across banking sectors. The big banks tend to be able to protect their loans portfolio against this monetary shock because it takes high proportion of loan loss provision. Whereas, small banks lending have a sharp decline. Another study conducted by Beck at al (2009), the study investigated the bank ownership and stability: Evidence from German banks. Banks ownership in Germany have three different types which are government-owned savings banks, cooperative banks and privately- owned banks. The sample was taken from the period 1995 to 2007. Using Z- score and NPL-score and distress probability, they conclude that wi th privately-owned banks in Germany are more risky than cooperative and savings, but also higher returns. They found some evidence for the too-big-to-fail phenomenon, privately-owned banks decreasing their capital buffer as they grow larger. Overall, the findings gave important insights for supervisors and regulators in charge of banks of different ownership types, especially of applying different stability indexes, as they might give different results, depending on if they focus on, different moments of the distribution or particular risks, example lending risks. Data: The sample of reference entities consist of individual banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008 for a twelve European countries which are Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. The data is available from Bangor university blackboard website. In our study we used three variables from the available data to measure the risk for German banks (about 2640 banks) and European banks (about 2515 banks). Methodology: The purpose here is to measure three types of risks; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk. In order to measure the liquidity risk we use the liquid variable which represents a ratio of liquid assets to total assets, this ratio is useful to determine the size of liquid assets to total asset which can be converted into cash quickly, and it reflects the liquidity position of the bank. On the other hand we used the llpl variable which represents the loan loss provision to total loans ratio that captures the credit risk of the banks, it is helpful because it reflects the banks ability to recover its default loans (Hlawatsch Ostrowski 2009).while in measuring market risk we used the ratio: { 1-(equity + deposits)/total assets} as the third variable, it represents the market proportion in financing assets in the bank (i.e. if the bank want to increase finance we use three type of sources equity, deposit and market by borrowing from other banks) , it is an indirect measure but stil l it gives us a clear idea about the effect of market risk in the bank . When dealing with the data we chose to divide the period from 1994 to 2008 into three intervals, this segmentation meant to take into account tow major actions that may result in having effects on the European banks; the first action is the establishment of the European Union in 1999 and the second is the last financial crisis that start from united states and hit all over the world. Therefore we had an interval from 1994 to 1998, followed by an interval from 1999 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2008. We investigated all data under our chosen variables. After that we calculate the average values of our variables for every bank during the specified period and compare the mean of the averages between German banks and European banks (Non German) for every period. We preferred to calculate the average value for bank per se in sake of getting more smooth distribution for the tow populations. Then we exclude outliers using the simple classical approach to screen them by using the Standard Deviation method, it is defined as: 2 SD Method: x ÂÂ ± 2 SD; the observations outside these intervals are considered as an outliers (Songwon Seo 2006). And then we run unpaired T-test (one tail) to check the equivalence of the means for the two populations (German banks and non German banks) for every variable in the three determined period, we assumed that both populations will approximately follow the normal distribution for the reason of large size of our sample, and we got unequal variances between populations for all variables in the periods so we operate T-test with unpaired and unequal conditions in order to get a valid test (Stata 10 ÂÂ  produces Satterthwaites or Welchs approximation for the degree of freedom). As well as the two populations are independent. Results and Discussions: Based on Stata result, first we describe the data (see table 1) and then we run T-test for independent samples with unequal variances (we test the variances equivalence using F-test). For all tests we run we have the null hypothesis that says both populations are equal in the mean of the specified measure of the risk. First we test the credit risk using llpl ratio during the three intervals, in the first period we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that means the mean average of loan loss provision to total assets for German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see table2), and also in the following two periods we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that says the mean of loan loss provision for German banks is significantly greater than European banks(see tables 45). Second we test the liquidity risk using liquid ratio during the same periods, for the three tests we reject the null hypothesis and acce pt the alternative hypothesis that declares the mean of liquid assets to total assets in German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see tables 567). Finally we test the market risk using the proportion of the market (interbank market) in the total assets and for three tests we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that provide the mean of market proportion in German banks assets is significantly less than the mean of European banks (see tables 8910). The mean values of three risk measures across the three periods are stated in the following table (values are in percentages): German banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans .8403876 .7747105 1.005803 Liquid assets to total assets 14.90594 15.40948 17.46113 Market proportion in the total assets . .0756065 .0697405 .0690318 For European banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans 1.457796 1.005803 .5611184 Liquid assets to total assets 37.15308 30.54644 30.0822 Market proportion in the total assets .1314926 .1672181 .1185017 Conclusion: According to the above explanation German banks have higher liquidity risk than European competitors while they are less exposure to the credit risk especially during the last financial crisis, except in the period before the European integration was more risky than European competitors. In addition, German banks are less exposure to the market risk, that means European competitors are depend on market finance, hence the German banks they face less risky from the market risk (this case refers to the high regulation by the state particularly after European integration when the competition increased). My opinion, German banks are not riskier than European competitors because its focus on long-term loans that is possible to face difficult to liquidate asset, but this problem solved by taking large proportion of loan loss provision to compensate any credit risk and liquidity risk, because credit default lead to liquidation asset. However, the current literature as we discuses above suggest that Germany me face some economic problems.

Abortion Should It Be Legal - 1484 Words

Gunnufsen English III November 2, 2015 Abortion, Should it be legal? Although some say abortion should be illegal and parents should not be allowed to choose abortion because it is unsafe, immoral, and against Christian beliefs to allow it. Abortion should be legal, it is safe and most people believe that abortion should be up to the parents because even though arguers say it is against their Christian beliefs, it is a moral decision that does not violate human rights, the overall abortion procedure is safe , and abortion can be justified. Abortion is a choice, a choice the mother must make. Abortion is a choice left solely to the mother or parents of the child. â€Å"Abortion is an absolutely moral choice for any woman wishing to control her body.† ( pg 44 Swomley ) The mother is the person who has to carry this child and have a birth that she may not want, so it is up to her to choose if she wants this child. The fetus is not yet a human being because it can not survive outside of the uterus, so it does not viola te the human right to live. The abortion is not murder because the embryo is not a child yet. The embryo is not a separate human being because it is not able to survive outside the woman’s body. Even in the bible, which is a favorite reference for arguers, there is no reference in any Scripture that says that abortion is immoral. â€Å" Nowhere in the Scriptures is there any references to sacredness or sanctity or respect for fetal life.† ( pg 30 SwomleyShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. 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There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices for

Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement free essay sample

This free trade agreement was an agreement between Canada and the United States signed on 4th October 1988 and was finalized on October 1997. Within a period of ten years, the agreement managed to remove many trade restrictions, a scenario that led to increased cross border trade. After a short period of time probably three years after achieving the above, North American free trade agreement decided to suspend the agreement. This agreement focused on eliminating barriers related to trade of both goods and services between the two countries, facilitating conditions that allowed fair competition within a zone characterized by free trade fully supported by this agreement and bring significant liberal conditions for investment opportunities within the free trade area. It was also aimed to establish and formulate procedures effectively to ensure joint administration of this agreement and at the same time give a framework for conflict and disputes resolution within the area in the process of exchanging goods and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [1] Elsewhere, the agreement was made to lay foundation for advancement in the process of developing multilateral and liberal cooperation to enhance and expand benefits accruing to the agreement. On a rational point of view, we may wish therefore to establish the sensibility of this economic block in terms of the impacts that it reinstates to the Canadian economy. This free trade with the United States was a controversial aspect from Canada’s point of view. Through history, Canadians who were in close connection and had close ties with Americans were seen to have been encouraging political annexation by the Americans. It was thus not a good and health undertaking for the Canadians political sphere. The agreement reached by the two nations resulted to great trade liberalization between the two countries and wiped out the tariffs which earlier on existed as barriers to trade between the two countries. The free trade agreement was not all about tariffs fundamentally, but it captured all sorts of trade barriers that limited access of each partner’s market by the two countries. The agreement ultimately averaged tariffs on goods and services that crossed the border to less than 1% in 1980s. As each of the countries targeted the opponent’s market access, Canada demanded unlimited access to the United States market and at the same time United States demanded access to Canada’s cultural and energy industries which were very sensitive industrial sectors to the Canadian economy.[2] As the negations continued, Canada was finally granted the right to protect industries such as health care, education and cultural sectors but exposed water sector to the Americans. With all these negotiations and efforts Canadians did not however win the free competition in acquiring procurement contracts in the American government. This area was conserved for America to itself. In paying attention to the ramifications of the agreement after the implementation, a rapid increase in trade between the two nations was noticed. In 1990s, the agreement had shortly been formed and experts generated 40% to the gross domestic product in Canada. Â  In the 20th century, exports contributed 25% to the gross domestic product of Canadian economy. After this period and around the year 2000, this contribution reached to the 50% valuation. After the liberalization of trade, the Canadian dollar decreased the value of the currency and therefore highly propelled this growth to greater heights. This growth was also realized because there was a global special attention towards development of free trade and international trade was therefore increasing. However, in 2007, the value of Canadian dollar reduced far much than the international value of the American dollar, meaning that the benefits that Canada used to enjoy from the free trade were taken over by the United State. Currently, the agreement has not fully liberalized the trade because it has not established a free trade in some areas of Canada like softwood lumber. Generally, Canadians complain that Americans imposed restrictions and thus violated the provisions of the agreement. Up to now, cultural industries of Canada are still health although it is feared the agreement undermines the sovereignty of Canada as a nation. Because of this malpractice of the Americans protectionism, the agreement still remains a controversy in the states of America and the politics of Canada no longer support it. The ruling party in 1990, the national Democratic Party never supported free trade but the liberals were ready to renegotiate some areas of the agreement to suit the country’s state of affairs. Because of this modifications, a new agreement was signed, the north American Free Trade Area Agreement, this time including Mexico.[3] They believed that increase in the number of countries helped in expanding the free trade area and the accruing benefits. In contrast to the increasing and massive tide of Americans protectionism believed to close the markets, the free trade agreement negations between Reagan administration and that of Brian Mulroney was believed to open up markets on both borders to benefit the two countries and set an example for the remaining world to change their trading patterns towards economic diversity. By the time of implementation of this treaty, it was the largest bilateral free trade agreement in the world. After its implementation, non tariff barriers like import licenses which initially existed between the countries were eliminated. The agreement also set aside a special dispute resolution board to handle cases involving unfair trade practices. The treaty was also aimed at increasing the Gross Domestic Product of both countries and therefore increased the competitiveness of both economies internationally. Canada had a limited market but after the agreement, it could easily access the American markets. The U.S.-Canada trade agreement was to demonstrate the cause and significance of free trade all over the world. Goods from countries that were not parties to the U.S.-Canadian markets were highly disadvantaged when they happened to penetrate to this free trade area, giving a relevant incentive to operate on trade liberalization. After signing, this agreement was presented to the congress for ratification and thus it gave the lawmakers of the United States a nice chance to say no to protectionism in trade but instead cite a common and fair market poem where every country involved could have benefited.[4] [1] Hart Michael Robertson Colin (1994) Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-U.S Free Trade Negotiations. University of British Columbia Press, pp.20 Â  [2] Harold Crookell (1990) Canadian-American Trade and Investment under the Free Trade Agreement. Westport, CT, Quorum Books, pp.12 Â  [3] James Shoch (2001) Trading Blows: Party Competition and U.S. Trade Policy in a Globalizing Era. University of North Carolina Press, pp.14 Â  [4] Clark Cynthia Turney Elaine (2003) Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History- Vol.2. London, Greenwood Press, pp.35

Misrepresentation of african american women free essay sample

African American women have historically been viewed as hyper-sexual creatures, due to unique anatomical features not often seen in other races. This hyper- sexualities view of Black women dates back as early as the days of slavery when European Imperialists traveled to Africa and were excessively intrigued by (and abashedly attracted to) the women in the tribes. Europeans were in awe of the physique of African women, comparable to none, as well as their dancing and traditional garments.Europeans unfamiliarity with a body type that is not unusual amongst African women resulted In a projection of hyper-sexuality onto Black women hat did not truly exist and has been hard for Black women around the world to rid themselves of. Charities [Sara] Barman, also known as the Hottentots Venus, became the blueprint for degrading and humiliating the Black woman on a worldwide level. Cartels Barman was a South African born woman who was enslaved by a Dutch farmer near the city of Cape Town. We will write a custom essay sample on Misrepresentation of african american women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her master was approached by traveling Europeans to travel to Europe to have her body examined and put on display.In 1810, Sharpies master informed her that she would be free and assume fortune and fame in order to persuade her to leave his plantation for the sideshow CT she would unknowingly become In. It was this promise that led to Swart}sees willingness to travel to Europe. Charities traveled to England and upon her arrival, she was placed on public display, often times in a cage, so her large buttocks and breast could be observed by hundreds of curious Englishman. These invasive spectators were recorded as laughing at her, calling her names, and throwing Items at her.Swart]lees body was so spectacular and strange to Europeans that medical students were able to use her for scientific research. She was again sold from England too French circus to dance in the nude as entertainment and was one the main attractions. Cartels never enjoyed the freedom she was promised and turned to alcohol to cope with her humiliation and entered prostitution to support her when she was no longer necessary as a side show attraction. She died in 1815, only five years after her arrival to Europe. Sharpies humiliation did not end with her death.She died of unidentified disease in France and her body was turned over to a museum. Her brain, vagina, and her skeleton were removed from her body, preserved and put on display. Her frames body was then preserved in such a way that she stood erect as well. Her body was eventually buried in France but the parts removed from her body remained on display in a French museum until 1974. The displays were removed that year and replaced with casts of Quartiles confiscated body parts. Swart]el Barmans humiliating enslavement marks the beginning of the Black womans degradation. She could be considered the first video-vixen model. However, culture has changed such that women willingly dance erotically while scantily clad or totally nude, whereas Cartels was forced. This willingness has transformed the way the Black woman Is viewed and the way the Black woman views FIFO The manner in which Charities Barman was treated is indicative of European attitudes about Black women and African standards of beauty. Charities was renowned for her physique, which Europeans responded to Charities as an object with disgust, intrigue, sexual attraction, and condescension. The removal of her organs indicates a perverse obsession with the body of the African woman. This attitude about the Black womans body has persisted, taking on new faces as culture changes ND pop culture emerged. Media images of Black women have long been degrading, unflattering, and/or extreme. Black women have specific functional roles in the media: typically and most often as Siebel, Amine, and the welfare mom. The Siebel stereotype of the hyper-sexual, manipulative Black woman is more prevalent and more widely seen in the media from television, movies, magazines, and music videos. It is the Siebel who is the African American woman who is not ashamed to take off her clothes in exchange for things she may need.The music industry specially popularizes stripers and video models as an acceptable and desirable occupation for a Black woman. Not only do majority of hip-hop lyrics degrade women to the lowest level that a woman can be degraded, but the music videos take special care to degrade the black woman even more. Rap music videos depict a false image of what a real woman looks like in reality: music videos have gotten so raunchy they might as well be pornography, presenting a hyper-sexual depiction of women that distorts and demeans the image of black women in particular.Even in the tamer ideas, women might as well be prostitutes. They are objects, part of the blind-blind, like the platinum chains and diamonds sported by rappers (Daily Review 7/4/04). It is Just in this way that Charities Barman was displayed and responded to and it is in the way Black women have been consistently considered: as objects of sexual exploitation. Hip hop music has become explosively popular in the US and much of the rest of the world in the last twenty years. Hip hop music influences larger society in powerful ways and has become a subculture that has transcended race, socioeconomics, and gender.Its popularity and ability to transcend across many social lines that are usually impenetrable is the biggest threat to the perception of Black women by others and by themselves. When leaders like President Barack Obama and other prominent politicians reference lines from popular rap songs, they are often received with admiration and excitement by the media and larger public. Such a response from a pop culture reference reveals hip hop musics ability to influence culture on a magnanimous level. Hip hop music is an industry run by men, with overwhelmingly male artists who provide entertainment for other men.In this understanding of the industry, the images of women presented through this massively popular music are exclusively chosen by men. Additionally, hip hop music tends to sell a lifestyle and not Just a song or beats. As was previously discussed in the quote from Daily Review, expensive material things and several beautiful and naked women are things to achieve and obtain. An object is for use of some kind and the hip hop music industry has single handedly crystallized the developing notion that women in general are objects for sexual pleasure exclusive ly. This idea is articulator harmful for Black women and girls in the face of a media that has very sexualities in the same manner, but the damage of such objectification is buffered by other images of a range of professional White women, heroines in film and television, prominent White actresses, politicians, businesswomen, Journalists, etc Historically, white women, as a category, were portrayed as models of self-respect, self-control, and modesty even sexual purity, but black women were often portrayed as innately promiscuous, even predatory. This depiction of black women is signified by the name Siebel (Pilgrim, 2002).Black women and girls have very few other images to measure themselves against or look to for motivation or encouragement. These pervasive images of the Black woman as a promiscuous and manipulative Siebel juxtaposed with the lack of other, more positive images, is extremely damaging to the Black womans self-esteem. These images also inform others of how to perceive an d ultimately treat Black women, which is further corrosive to the Black womans self- esteem. As if the power that images tend to have on the human psyche were not enough, hip hop music also incorporates lyrics that correspond to the tone of crispest for Black women.Negative epithets that refer to a womans sexual and social behavior like ho and pitch are common, frequent, and acceptable in hip hop lyrics and serve to further denigrate Black women. Often, rappers and fans alike make excuses for the disturbing images and lyrics featured in songs and videos, expressing that the women featured in the videos are working of their own volition and are not being objectified. While the women of these videos are participating of their own volition, the degrading lyrics and the degrading images are not negated just because the women are choosing to participate.The message being sent is still clear and ubiquitous: Black women are objects of sexual gratification that do not have to be spoken to or spoken of as human beings. Viewers are influenced by these images and lyrics and are encouraged to develop erroneous ideas about and monolithic perception of Black women. Additionally, because other, more positive images of Black women are missing in the media, viewers are left with little real information about the Black womans experience, life, and character.Hip hop music as also set the standard of presentation for female rappers as well. Fem ale rappers who have debuted in the last 20 years invoke the power the same sexual images and presentations as the male rappers do. More recent female rap artists like Nikkei Mina] have amplified the hyper-sexual stereotype about Black women with her sexually charged lyrics, provocative style of dress, and various implants to enlarge her breasts and buttocks, looking not unlike Charities Barman and the many beautiful women of Africa.Artists who pre-date Nikkei Mina], like Ill Kim and Foxy Brown, debuted in a animal fashion, using their sexuality through lyrics and risquà © media poses in which they were almost always scantily clad, to propel their careers. These female rappers only serve to further push the music industry agenda to denigrate women, Black women in particular, by buying into and proudly displaying the very stereotypical behaviors that function to keep hyper-sexualities images of Black women in the minds of viewers. Female rappers serve the same purpose as those women dancing in hip hop videos: to push the sexual agenda of a sexist music industry.However, the sage delivered through female rappers is pronounced solely due to the fact that the artist is a female who is promoting a hegemonic patriarchal message. The sexual exploitation, women, also become hip hop stars. Lastly, the current female hip hop stars are adopting images of beauty from childhood icons such as Barbie, as is the case with Nikkei Mina]. The adaptation of Barbie for the purpose of hip hop is a clear indication that there is an agenda to capture all viewers minds to believe the images they are presented with about Black women.